Harper Lee

Atticus's first lesson to Scout is a method, not a mood. Before you decide who someone is, picture their morning, their fears and their choices. Most of the people you've judged quickly would look different from that side.

Atticus takes Tom Robinson's case knowing a Maycomb jury will convict. The book separates bravery from winning: the measure is whether you did right when the result was already decided against you.

Atticus is the same man in the courtroom, on the porch and at the dinner table. Integrity is consistency across rooms, so ask whether you'd behave the same if the people you respect were watching.

The children turn Boo Radley into a ghoul from rumour, while he leaves them gifts in a tree and wraps a blanket round Scout's shoulders. The scariest people in your life are often the ones you've only heard about.

The evidence clears Tom Robinson, and the jury convicts him because he is Black. Lee shows that a system's fairness depends on ordinary people setting their prejudice aside, and how often they don't. Notice where 'everyone knows' stands in for evidence.

The mockingbird does nothing but sing. Tom, who helped Mayella out of kindness, and Boo, who protected the children, are both mockingbirds. Protecting people who can't protect themselves is the book's moral centre.

Atticus rarely lectures; Scout and Jem learn by watching him at the jail, in court and with Mrs. Dubose. If you raise or lead anyone, your conduct is the curriculum.

Calpurnia talks one way at the Finch house and another at First Purchase church. Meeting people in their own language is how you belong to more than one world without looking down on either.