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Pre-Mortem

A one-page pre-mortem drawn as a work-backwards ledger — the technique from Gary Klein and Daniel Kahneman. Instead of asking what might go wrong, you assume the decision has already failed at some future point and ask why. Name the project and the horizon, brainstorm the reasons it failed down the left, ring how severe each one is, and write the safeguard you'd put in place now on the right. It closes with the single biggest risk to watch. Imagining failure up front frees people to voice the doubts they'd otherwise keep quiet — and turns each one into a safeguard you can act on today. Print it blank to run the session by hand.

Best for
Stress-testing a plan or decision before you commit — surfacing risks while there's still time to prevent them.
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Composed
A still life that evokes the Pre-Mortem

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Build your pre-mortem

Step 01

Set the scene.

Name what you're about to commit to, and the point in the future you're imagining back from.

Step 02

Work backwards from failure.

One reason per line on the left; on the right, the safeguard for the reason on the same line. Up to six rows fit the sheet — mark each severity by hand.

Brainstorm the ways it could fail, or print it blank to run the session by hand.

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